Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional Essay Example

Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? Essay Is Plea Bargain Unconstitutional The goal of this research paper is to analyze plea bargain and discuss whether it complies with Constitution of United States. In order to accomplish this goal, conception of plea is explained in details, as well as its advantages and disadvantages for some of the participants and the system as a whole. Also Constitution is analyzed in terms of plea bargaining case in order to find out how it correlates with principal law. Besides cases of using plea bargaining and their results are explained in this research paper. Before going into further discussion I would like to briefly explain the basic conception. Judicial system is designed to punish those people that committed crimes through the system of jury trials where criminal defendant is considered as guilty or not guilty. So, at first glance it looks unavoidable that all criminals are punished according and in proportion to their crimes. In fact, there is another way of judging and punishing criminals that does not include jury trials and fair judicial process that finds defendant guilty or not guilty. This system is called plea bargaining. A plea bargain is an agreement in a criminal case whereby the prosecutor offers the defendant the opportunity to plead guilty, usually to a lesser charge or to the original criminal charge with recommendation of a lighter than maximum sentence. Plea bargains have its advantages and disadvantages. First of all, plea bargain has benefits for criminals that really did the crime. It allows them to avoid the risk of conviction at trial and receive full term of punishment for their crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, they could be offered to plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge instead of felony charge. No wonder that this practice became very popular in United States. Also most of the involved parties benefit from plea bargaining. Criminals receive lesser punishment and therefore they tend to plead guilty. The cases finish earlier with predicted results so prosecutors also enjoy less workload as well as clerks that work with documentations. Money of taxpayers is also spent less both on the trial process and imprisonment. The most obvious disadvantage of plea bargaining is that it does not protect innocent people and leave no chance for them to be free after the court. Plea bargain presumes minimization of imprisonment term, not its full abolition. So, innocent people may choose plea bargain option because they fear to receive even stronger punishment. And that is indeed the most serious problem of this agreement. Plea bargain minimizes punishment for criminals with serious record, but punishes innocent people that were not able to prove their innocent to the prosecutor and therefore they go to prison for the same period of time as people that did accomplish the crime. Also this is another problem of plea bargain. It presumes that defendant is guilty without proving this with evidence and reasoning, while according to legislation nobody can be called guilty without proving. As well plea bargain becomes popular choice for people that do not their rights and legislation system and do not have money to afford a lawyer to defend their rights in court. So, besides unfairness and infringement of rights, this agreement uses weak position of the defendant to punish him or her without guilt and therefore is not democratic process, but creates groundless advantages for those who know judicial system very good or have enough money to hire a lawyer to defend them in court. So, in general plea bargaining proves to be unclear practice that creates benefits for criminals that know and infringe laws and puts innocent people in unstable position where they should choose between taking short term punishment without being guilty or receive even higher term after trial. But what is even more impressive is that statistically 9 out of 10 such criminal cases finish with plea bargain. Such proportion becomes clear after we go deeper into this system. In fact, judicial system does not only encourage criminal defendants to use plea bargain to receive less severe punishment, but it also retaliates those who dared to request trial by jury in order to defend their right for liberty. The most well-known case of such situation is so-called watershed precedent of Paul Lewis Hayes, which was indicted for attempting to pass forged check to the amount of $88. Such kind of crime is punishable by prison term of two to 10 years. So the prosecutor offered Hayes five years if he would plead guilty and waive this right to trial. Also the prosecutor made it clear that if Hayes rejects the offer, the state would seek a new indictment from a grand jury under Kentucky’s Habitual Criminal Act. Under this Hayes would receive life sentence taking into consideration his previous criminal record. Despite all these circumstances and high pressure, Hayes decided to insist on his right to jury trial. But in spite of his expectations, he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Thus, plea bargaining has another advantage over jury trial – it allows criminal defendants not only to avoid full punishment, but also protects them from additional convictions. But as this case proves, it is possible to receive even higher punishment if one tries to defend his or her rights in trial. In order to prove or disapprove unconstitutional character of the plea bargain practice one should refer to the source. First of all, Bill or Rights guarantees the following rights: †¢the right to be informed of the charges, †¢the right not to be compelled to incriminate oneself, the right to a speedy and public trial, †¢the right to an impartial jury trial in the state and district where the offense took place, †¢the right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses, †¢the right to call witnesses on one’s own behalf, †¢the right to the assistance of counsel. So, Fifth Amendment prohibits self-incrimination while Sixth Amendment guarantees impartial juries. Thus, Bill of Rights limits powers of police and prosecutors in order to safeguard our freedom. Thus, all this basically confirms that plea bargaining limited rights of U. S. itizen in many aspects: †¢it limits the right to be informed of the charges because defendant prepares a waiver that enable the prosecutor to set punishment as he or she pleases and offers, †¢it limits the right not to be compelled to incriminate oneself because the person actually incriminates oneself and plead guilty, †¢it limits the right to a speedy and public trial because no trial is conducted in case of plea bargaining, †¢it limits the right to an impartial jury trial in the state and district where the offense took place, †¢it limits the right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses because no witnesses are used in this case, †¢as well it limits the right to call witness es on one’s own behalf and the right to the assistance of counsel. So, Constitution gives a citizen the right to defend oneself and guarantees his or her liberty before it was proven by the court that he or she is guilty. According to Justice Hugo Black, defendant â€Å"has an absolute, unqualified right to compel the State to investigate its own case, find its own witnesses, prove its own facts, and convince the jury through its own resources. Throughout the process, the defendant has a fundamental right to remain silent, in effect challenging the State at every point to ‘Prove it! ’† Thus, in spite of providing such extended rights by Bill of Rights, efendants lose all of them because they are forced into practice of plea bargain that offers them to plead guilty without any trial and abandon all their rights given by Constitution. Therefore, by formal evidence we see that plea bargain is unconstitutional. It does not only takes the citizen rights, which are guaranteed by Constitution of United States, but also punishes those who dared to object against this and want to realize their right to jury trial. The problem is that it is impossible to convince the court that by offering plea bargain, the prosecutor violates the Constitution by threatening to punish the defendant or simply invoking his or her right to trial. And therefore the defendant will receive the most hard punishment possible in case of trial after offering plea bargaining. In case of Hayes, he was not able to defend his right to trial because the court admitted that a new indictment was filed against him that deterred him from exercising this right. Also the Court declined to overturn his sentence because he could have avoided life imprisonment risk if he admitted his guilt and accepted five years of prison. Still, there are viewpoints that find this decision improper and unlawful. Indeed detailed analysis of Hayes case shows that the idea of plea bargaining cannot withstand any serious scrutiny. First of all, the choice that was offered was not within constitutional rationale. The defendant should choose between two evils: going to prison for five years or for a lifetime. Actually it has nothing to do with freedom of choice, but with forcing to agree with proposed punishment. The same principle can be applied to false imprisonment action from one female to a male acquaintance that forced her to travel by car instead of going by train. Actually he gave her choice – to go without her purse by train after he took the purse out of train. And when he dragged her out of train he gave her another opportunity to leave or to go by car. So as we see offering limited choices has nothing to do with fair conduct. Another fiction of plea bargaining that is used by its followers is that government does not retaliate against individuals that wish to execute their right to jury trial. When, in fact, these people are punished very severely like in the case of Hayes. Also plea bargaining is used in cases when legislation of different states is opposite like strict laws against handgun possession in Washington D. C. Tourists from other states are often taken by the local police that takes their guns and offers them to plead guilty is possession of illegal arms. In case if the tourists disagree with this offer, they can receive worse accusations – for example, for each bullet. So most of the tourists decide to agree that they are guilty and give their handgun to the police. Thus, in spite of the fact that Constitution of United States provides its citizens with rights to defend themselves against accusations, in reality there are numerous practices of ignoring these rights and offering propositions that do not comply with Act of Rights but can lead to much worse situations if they are to be rejected and if defendant decides to defend his or her rights at court. Moreover, there are viewpoints that there is nothing wrong with such practices. There are many followers among prosecutors and civilians that argue that Constitution defended citizens in old times when court practices were different. Nowadays we have courts without jury so in some cases it should be beneficial for the defendant to reduce his or her punishment by pleading guilty. Such people argue that right to trial is not inalienable because most of the rights are beneficial due to their abilities to be sold and purchased. So, they offer to view plea bargaining as a deal – to waive the right for trial and receive less punishment instead of it. It should be emphasized that there was no single opinion about this topic. For example, in 1858 New York court decided in case Cancemi v. People that defendant should not be able to waive a jury trial because â€Å"the law does recognize the doctrine of waiver to a great extent even to the deprivation of constitutional private rights†. Still in 1879 Iowa Supreme Court took the opposite decision in case State v. Kaufman. According to the Court, â€Å"Reasons other than the fact that he is guilty may induce a defendant to so plead et the state never actively interferes in such case, and the right of the defendant to so plead has never been doubted. He must be permitted to judge for himself in this respect. Why should he not be permitted to do so? Why hamper him in this respect? Why restrain his liberty or right to do as he believed to be for his interests? Whatever rule is adopted affects not only the defendant, but all others similarly situated, no matter how much they desire to avail themselves of the right to do what the defendant desires to repudiate. We are unwilling to establish such a rule. † In several years after this case, Iowa Supreme Court changed his mind in State v. Carman case and then one more time in 1980 in case State v. Henderson. Connecticut Court disallowed ury waivers in 1878 while Louisiana allowed them in 1881. Nowadays it is well-known that jury trial right is alienable and nothing in the Constitution said the opposite. Thus, defendant can sell this right in order to receive some benefits. And in case of guilty people this enables them to improve their situation. From this point of view case of Hayes becomes more complicated. If defendant has a right to w aive his or her rights to get benefits, then Hayes should take his opportunity and agree to plead guilty in order to receive shorter term of imprisonment. And indeed he should not complain that after trial his punishment increased significantly – from up to 10 years to lifetime in prison. Another argument against plea bargaining states that in case of several people that committed the same crime, these people will receive different punishment on the basis of their decisions to agree that they are guilty without trial or go to trial that can decide about different terms for each of them. Also someone who is not guilty may be so afraid that he or she decides to plead guilty in order to avoid trial. These arguments can be opposed with the same reasoning that people choose their future on the basis of their decisions and plea bargaining is one of them. Thus, there are a lot of discussions about plea bargaining and actually no single opinion about the agreement. There are viewpoints that it is not constitutional because it does not comply with Act of Rights and Fifth and Six Amendments. Therefore it should not be practiced. Also there are opinions that there is no direct objection against it in Constitution so there is no reason to argue about unconstitutional character of plea bargaining. In my opinion, plea bargaining should be an additional option for the defendant, not the main one and obviously not the best possible. Nowadays it is an instrument of pressure of prosecutors on defendants in order to win the case. The only defendants that benefit from this agreement are criminals that decided to confirm their guilt in order to reduce the punishment, while innocent people are threaten by severe punishment might decide to agree with plea bargaining to avoid risk of longer terms of imprisonment. Therefore, in my opinion, the accents should be shifted and court should not make pressure on defendants to take this decision and obviously not to retaliate against them if they express wish to defend their rights in court. References: 1. Colquitt J. , (2001), Ad Hoc Plea Bargaining. Tulane Law Review, Vol. 75 . 2. Cooley Th. , (1868), A Treatise on Constitutional Limitations on the Police Power of the States, Boston, Mass. : Little, Brown. 3. Fine R. A. , (1987), Escape of the Guilty. New York. 4. Fisher G. , (2003), Plea Bargaining’s Triumph, Stanford, Calif. , 5. Stanford University Press. 6. Guidorizzi D. , (1998), Should We Really â€Å"Ban† Plea Bargaining? The Core Concerns of Plea Bargaining Critics, Emory Law Journal, Vol. 47. 7. Langbein J. H. (1980) Torture and Plea Bargaining, The Public Interest. 8. Lynch T. , (2002), An Eerie Efficiency, Cato Supreme Court Review, Vol. 1. 9. Lynch T. , (1994), Rethinking the Petty Offense Doctrine, Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 4. 10. Mazzone J. , (2003), The Waiver Paradox, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 97. 11. Roberts P. C. , Stratton L. M. , (2000), The Tyranny of Good Intentions, New York. 12. Ramsey C. , (2002) , The Discretionary Power of ‘Public’ Prosecutors in 13. Historical Perspective, American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 39. 14. Towne S. , (1982), The Historical Origins of Bench Trial for Serious Crime, American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 26. Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional Essay Example Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? Essay Is Plea Bargain Unconstitutional The goal of this research paper is to analyze plea bargain and discuss whether it complies with Constitution of United States. In order to accomplish this goal, conception of plea is explained in details, as well as its advantages and disadvantages for some of the participants and the system as a whole. Also Constitution is analyzed in terms of plea bargaining case in order to find out how it correlates with principal law. Besides cases of using plea bargaining and their results are explained in this research paper. Before going into further discussion I would like to briefly explain the basic conception. Judicial system is designed to punish those people that committed crimes through the system of jury trials where criminal defendant is considered as guilty or not guilty. So, at first glance it looks unavoidable that all criminals are punished according and in proportion to their crimes. In fact, there is another way of judging and punishing criminals that does not include jury trials and fair judicial process that finds defendant guilty or not guilty. This system is called plea bargaining. A plea bargain is an agreement in a criminal case whereby the prosecutor offers the defendant the opportunity to plead guilty, usually to a lesser charge or to the original criminal charge with recommendation of a lighter than maximum sentence. Plea bargains have its advantages and disadvantages. First of all, plea bargain has benefits for criminals that really did the crime. It allows them to avoid the risk of conviction at trial and receive full term of punishment for their crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, they could be offered to plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge instead of felony charge. No wonder that this practice became very popular in United States. Also most of the involved parties benefit from plea bargaining. Criminals receive lesser punishment and therefore they tend to plead guilty. The cases finish earlier with predicted results so prosecutors also enjoy less workload as well as clerks that work with documentations. Money of taxpayers is also spent less both on the trial process and imprisonment. The most obvious disadvantage of plea bargaining is that it does not protect innocent people and leave no chance for them to be free after the court. Plea bargain presumes minimization of imprisonment term, not its full abolition. So, innocent people may choose plea bargain option because they fear to receive even stronger punishment. And that is indeed the most serious problem of this agreement. Plea bargain minimizes punishment for criminals with serious record, but punishes innocent people that were not able to prove their innocent to the prosecutor and therefore they go to prison for the same period of time as people that did accomplish the crime. Also this is another problem of plea bargain. It presumes that defendant is guilty without proving this with evidence and reasoning, while according to legislation nobody can be called guilty without proving. As well plea bargain becomes popular choice for people that do not their rights and legislation system and do not have money to afford a lawyer to defend their rights in court. So, besides unfairness and infringement of rights, this agreement uses weak position of the defendant to punish him or her without guilt and therefore is not democratic process, but creates groundless advantages for those who know judicial system very good or have enough money to hire a lawyer to defend them in court. So, in general plea bargaining proves to be unclear practice that creates benefits for criminals that know and infringe laws and puts innocent people in unstable position where they should choose between taking short term punishment without being guilty or receive even higher term after trial. But what is even more impressive is that statistically 9 out of 10 such criminal cases finish with plea bargain. Such proportion becomes clear after we go deeper into this system. In fact, judicial system does not only encourage criminal defendants to use plea bargain to receive less severe punishment, but it also retaliates those who dared to request trial by jury in order to defend their right for liberty. The most well-known case of such situation is so-called watershed precedent of Paul Lewis Hayes, which was indicted for attempting to pass forged check to the amount of $88. Such kind of crime is punishable by prison term of two to 10 years. So the prosecutor offered Hayes five years if he would plead guilty and waive this right to trial. Also the prosecutor made it clear that if Hayes rejects the offer, the state would seek a new indictment from a grand jury under Kentucky’s Habitual Criminal Act. Under this Hayes would receive life sentence taking into consideration his previous criminal record. Despite all these circumstances and high pressure, Hayes decided to insist on his right to jury trial. But in spite of his expectations, he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Thus, plea bargaining has another advantage over jury trial – it allows criminal defendants not only to avoid full punishment, but also protects them from additional convictions. But as this case proves, it is possible to receive even higher punishment if one tries to defend his or her rights in trial. In order to prove or disapprove unconstitutional character of the plea bargain practice one should refer to the source. First of all, Bill or Rights guarantees the following rights: †¢the right to be informed of the charges, †¢the right not to be compelled to incriminate oneself, the right to a speedy and public trial, †¢the right to an impartial jury trial in the state and district where the offense took place, †¢the right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses, †¢the right to call witnesses on one’s own behalf, †¢the right to the assistance of counsel. So, Fifth Amendment prohibits self-incrimination while Sixth Amendment guarantees impartial juries. Thus, Bill of Rights limits powers of police and prosecutors in order to safeguard our freedom. Thus, all this basically confirms that plea bargaining limited rights of U. S. itizen in many aspects: †¢it limits the right to be informed of the charges because defendant prepares a waiver that enable the prosecutor to set punishment as he or she pleases and offers, †¢it limits the right not to be compelled to incriminate oneself because the person actually incriminates oneself and plead guilty, †¢it limits the right to a speedy and public trial because no trial is conducted in case of plea bargaining, †¢it limits the right to an impartial jury trial in the state and district where the offense took place, †¢it limits the right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses because no witnesses are used in this case, †¢as well it limits the right to call witness es on one’s own behalf and the right to the assistance of counsel. So, Constitution gives a citizen the right to defend oneself and guarantees his or her liberty before it was proven by the court that he or she is guilty. According to Justice Hugo Black, defendant â€Å"has an absolute, unqualified right to compel the State to investigate its own case, find its own witnesses, prove its own facts, and convince the jury through its own resources. Throughout the process, the defendant has a fundamental right to remain silent, in effect challenging the State at every point to ‘Prove it! ’† Thus, in spite of providing such extended rights by Bill of Rights, efendants lose all of them because they are forced into practice of plea bargain that offers them to plead guilty without any trial and abandon all their rights given by Constitution. Therefore, by formal evidence we see that plea bargain is unconstitutional. It does not only takes the citizen rights, which are guaranteed by Constitution of United States, but also punishes those who dared to object against this and want to realize their right to jury trial. The problem is that it is impossible to convince the court that by offering plea bargain, the prosecutor violates the Constitution by threatening to punish the defendant or simply invoking his or her right to trial. And therefore the defendant will receive the most hard punishment possible in case of trial after offering plea bargaining. In case of Hayes, he was not able to defend his right to trial because the court admitted that a new indictment was filed against him that deterred him from exercising this right. Also the Court declined to overturn his sentence because he could have avoided life imprisonment risk if he admitted his guilt and accepted five years of prison. Still, there are viewpoints that find this decision improper and unlawful. Indeed detailed analysis of Hayes case shows that the idea of plea bargaining cannot withstand any serious scrutiny. First of all, the choice that was offered was not within constitutional rationale. The defendant should choose between two evils: going to prison for five years or for a lifetime. Actually it has nothing to do with freedom of choice, but with forcing to agree with proposed punishment. The same principle can be applied to false imprisonment action from one female to a male acquaintance that forced her to travel by car instead of going by train. Actually he gave her choice – to go without her purse by train after he took the purse out of train. And when he dragged her out of train he gave her another opportunity to leave or to go by car. So as we see offering limited choices has nothing to do with fair conduct. Another fiction of plea bargaining that is used by its followers is that government does not retaliate against individuals that wish to execute their right to jury trial. When, in fact, these people are punished very severely like in the case of Hayes. Also plea bargaining is used in cases when legislation of different states is opposite like strict laws against handgun possession in Washington D. C. Tourists from other states are often taken by the local police that takes their guns and offers them to plead guilty is possession of illegal arms. In case if the tourists disagree with this offer, they can receive worse accusations – for example, for each bullet. So most of the tourists decide to agree that they are guilty and give their handgun to the police. Thus, in spite of the fact that Constitution of United States provides its citizens with rights to defend themselves against accusations, in reality there are numerous practices of ignoring these rights and offering propositions that do not comply with Act of Rights but can lead to much worse situations if they are to be rejected and if defendant decides to defend his or her rights at court. Moreover, there are viewpoints that there is nothing wrong with such practices. There are many followers among prosecutors and civilians that argue that Constitution defended citizens in old times when court practices were different. Nowadays we have courts without jury so in some cases it should be beneficial for the defendant to reduce his or her punishment by pleading guilty. Such people argue that right to trial is not inalienable because most of the rights are beneficial due to their abilities to be sold and purchased. So, they offer to view plea bargaining as a deal – to waive the right for trial and receive less punishment instead of it. It should be emphasized that there was no single opinion about this topic. For example, in 1858 New York court decided in case Cancemi v. People that defendant should not be able to waive a jury trial because â€Å"the law does recognize the doctrine of waiver to a great extent even to the deprivation of constitutional private rights†. Still in 1879 Iowa Supreme Court took the opposite decision in case State v. Kaufman. According to the Court, â€Å"Reasons other than the fact that he is guilty may induce a defendant to so plead et the state never actively interferes in such case, and the right of the defendant to so plead has never been doubted. He must be permitted to judge for himself in this respect. Why should he not be permitted to do so? Why hamper him in this respect? Why restrain his liberty or right to do as he believed to be for his interests? Whatever rule is adopted affects not only the defendant, but all others similarly situated, no matter how much they desire to avail themselves of the right to do what the defendant desires to repudiate. We are unwilling to establish such a rule. † In several years after this case, Iowa Supreme Court changed his mind in State v. Carman case and then one more time in 1980 in case State v. Henderson. Connecticut Court disallowed ury waivers in 1878 while Louisiana allowed them in 1881. Nowadays it is well-known that jury trial right is alienable and nothing in the Constitution said the opposite. Thus, defendant can sell this right in order to receive some benefits. And in case of guilty people this enables them to improve their situation. From this point of view case of Hayes becomes more complicated. If defendant has a right to w aive his or her rights to get benefits, then Hayes should take his opportunity and agree to plead guilty in order to receive shorter term of imprisonment. And indeed he should not complain that after trial his punishment increased significantly – from up to 10 years to lifetime in prison. Another argument against plea bargaining states that in case of several people that committed the same crime, these people will receive different punishment on the basis of their decisions to agree that they are guilty without trial or go to trial that can decide about different terms for each of them. Also someone who is not guilty may be so afraid that he or she decides to plead guilty in order to avoid trial. These arguments can be opposed with the same reasoning that people choose their future on the basis of their decisions and plea bargaining is one of them. Thus, there are a lot of discussions about plea bargaining and actually no single opinion about the agreement. There are viewpoints that it is not constitutional because it does not comply with Act of Rights and Fifth and Six Amendments. Therefore it should not be practiced. Also there are opinions that there is no direct objection against it in Constitution so there is no reason to argue about unconstitutional character of plea bargaining. In my opinion, plea bargaining should be an additional option for the defendant, not the main one and obviously not the best possible. Nowadays it is an instrument of pressure of prosecutors on defendants in order to win the case. The only defendants that benefit from this agreement are criminals that decided to confirm their guilt in order to reduce the punishment, while innocent people are threaten by severe punishment might decide to agree with plea bargaining to avoid risk of longer terms of imprisonment. Therefore, in my opinion, the accents should be shifted and court should not make pressure on defendants to take this decision and obviously not to retaliate against them if they express wish to defend their rights in court. References: 1. Colquitt J. , (2001), Ad Hoc Plea Bargaining. Tulane Law Review, Vol. 75 . 2. Cooley Th. , (1868), A Treatise on Constitutional Limitations on the Police Power of the States, Boston, Mass. : Little, Brown. 3. Fine R. A. , (1987), Escape of the Guilty. New York. 4. Fisher G. , (2003), Plea Bargaining’s Triumph, Stanford, Calif. , 5. Stanford University Press. 6. Guidorizzi D. , (1998), Should We Really â€Å"Ban† Plea Bargaining? The Core Concerns of Plea Bargaining Critics, Emory Law Journal, Vol. 47. 7. Langbein J. H. (1980) Torture and Plea Bargaining, The Public Interest. 8. Lynch T. , (2002), An Eerie Efficiency, Cato Supreme Court Review, Vol. 1. 9. Lynch T. , (1994), Rethinking the Petty Offense Doctrine, Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 4. 10. Mazzone J. , (2003), The Waiver Paradox, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 97. 11. Roberts P. C. , Stratton L. M. , (2000), The Tyranny of Good Intentions, New York. 12. Ramsey C. , (2002) , The Discretionary Power of ‘Public’ Prosecutors in 13. Historical Perspective, American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 39. 14. Towne S. , (1982), The Historical Origins of Bench Trial for Serious Crime, American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 26.

Free Essays on On Line Marketing 2000

How important is marketing and whom does it affect? When you think about it, you can’t get very far into a day without bumping into marketing and what the whole marketing system does for you. Marketing is simply defined as the activities involved in getting goods from the producer to the consumer. It concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them with regard to the availability of products and to important features, developing strategies to persuade them to buy, and finally enhancing their satisfaction with a purchase (Encarta 95). Producers and sellers are always looking for new and innovative ways of marketing their goods and services to provide superior quality and comfort to consumers. Towards the end of the 20th Century, many companies were looking to the Internet as an opportunity for profitable growth through marketing. However, companies are now seeing a need to develop strategies and learn from the mista kes of past dot-comers in order to maintain success within the new Internet marketing industry. â€Å"The now clichà © Web maxim, ‘If you build it they will come,’ has lulled many online marketers into a false sense of opportunity. The truth is that Web site traffic building has its own set of PR needs and requires its own system of aggressive, attention getting tactics,† says Charles Sayers, an Internet marketing consultant (Dysart). Marketing on the Internet throughout 2000, was seen as unpredictable and embryonic. Nearly, 130 dot-com businesses ended up crashing last year due to their lack of success within the industry (Patton). In 2000, Companies were no longer looking at other new companies as the enemy. In fact, recent findings have shown that alliances and exchanges among previous online competitors proved to be more successful for the companies overall (Patton). Elemica, formed by 12 large chemical companies, saw the need to build an alliance... Free Essays on On Line Marketing 2000 Free Essays on On Line Marketing 2000 How important is marketing and whom does it affect? When you think about it, you can’t get very far into a day without bumping into marketing and what the whole marketing system does for you. Marketing is simply defined as the activities involved in getting goods from the producer to the consumer. It concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them with regard to the availability of products and to important features, developing strategies to persuade them to buy, and finally enhancing their satisfaction with a purchase (Encarta 95). Producers and sellers are always looking for new and innovative ways of marketing their goods and services to provide superior quality and comfort to consumers. Towards the end of the 20th Century, many companies were looking to the Internet as an opportunity for profitable growth through marketing. However, companies are now seeing a need to develop strategies and learn from the mista kes of past dot-comers in order to maintain success within the new Internet marketing industry. â€Å"The now clichà © Web maxim, ‘If you build it they will come,’ has lulled many online marketers into a false sense of opportunity. The truth is that Web site traffic building has its own set of PR needs and requires its own system of aggressive, attention getting tactics,† says Charles Sayers, an Internet marketing consultant (Dysart). Marketing on the Internet throughout 2000, was seen as unpredictable and embryonic. Nearly, 130 dot-com businesses ended up crashing last year due to their lack of success within the industry (Patton). In 2000, Companies were no longer looking at other new companies as the enemy. In fact, recent findings have shown that alliances and exchanges among previous online competitors proved to be more successful for the companies overall (Patton). Elemica, formed by 12 large chemical companies, saw the need to build an alliance...

CLASS ROSTER PROJECT and Summary Grade by Artifact Coursework

CLASS ROSTER PROJECT and Summary Grade by Artifact - Coursework Example Analogous to the hierarchical model only there's no parent/child difference. Any record kind may be linked with any number of dissimilar record types. Data quality and operations on the attributes are summarizing inside objects. Objects can inherit properties, can be widespread to form new objects, and are reusable. The O-O model is a quite original way of looking at things. Just remember that these are universal policy. Common sense will constantly require to be applied to check the excellence of the relationship modeling. Again this step is supposed to be done extremely methodically. A relation in 4NF that does not have a unite dependency. A link dependency occurs when a relation cannot be alienated into two (or more) relations such that the ensuing tables can be recombined to form the unique table. By means of normalization entire we know move on to step 3, where we step back at our normalized relations and see of there's any way we can logical combinations we can make to simplify the set, decrease overlap, and/or increase competence. One of the major complaints concerning relational databases is the intricacy of the relations themselves. That is, how everything's split out into every these tables. This is where we effort to reduce that difficulty.

Discussion unit 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion unit 2 - Assignment Example Therefore, giving them a new pair of shoes will be like a miracle to them. When a person receives a present that he was not expecting, it is magical and unique. In the case of children walking bare footed in Africa, they are facilitated by the company and made to experience the beauty of putting on shoes when they know they cannot even afford the shoes. Such approaches show the power of miracle or fate as explained in the society. The support of the underprivileged in the society is vital because it makes the world a better place for everyone. The support of such programs as one for one shoe program of the company should be the ultimate goal for the members of the society. In addition, several privileges are not enjoyed by the less fortunate in the society. In fact, the main goal of the society is to offer support for the less fortunate. There are several people who will assist me in the writing process, and the most integral person is my close friend. He has been of immense help when handling the issues of writing. In addition, I intend to address look at Richard Branson of Virgin Atlantic as an inspirational

How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife Essay Example for Free

How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife Essay My brother Leon was returning to Nagrebcan from far away Manila, bringing home his young bride who had been born and had grown up in the big city. Father would not accept her for a daughter-in-law unless he taught her worthy to live in Nagrebcan. Father devised an ingenious way to find out, and waited for the result. She stepped down from the carretela of Ca Celin with a quick, delicate grace. She was lovely. She was tall. She looked up to my brother with a smile, and her forehead was on a level with his mouth â€Å"You are Baldo. † She said and placed her hand lightly on my shoulder. Her nails were long, but they were not painted. She was fragrant like a morning when papayas are in bloom. And a small dimple appeared momentarily high up on her cheek. â€Å"And this is Labang, of whom I have heard so much. † She held the wrist of one hand with the other and looked at Labang, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud. He swallowed and brought up to his mouth more cud, and the sound of his inside was like a drum. I laid a hand on Labang’s massive neck and said to her: â€Å"You may scratch his forehead now. â€Å"She hesitated and I saw that her eyes were on the long curving horns. But she came and touched Labang’s forehead with her long fingers, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud except that his big eyes were half closed. And by and by, she was scratching his forehead very daintly. My brother Leon put down the two trunks on the grassy side of the road. He paid Ca Celin twice the usual fare from the station to the edge of Nagrebcan. Then he was standing beside us, and she turned to him eagerly. I watched Ca Celin, where he stood in front of his horse, and he ran his fingers through its forelock and could not keep his eyes away from her. Maria—â€Å" my brother Leon said. Read more:  How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla Essay He did not say Maring. He did not say Mayang. I knew then that he had always called her Maria; and in my mind I said, â€Å"Maria,† and it was a beautiful name. †Yes,Noel† Now where did she get that name? I pondered the matter quietly to myself, thinking Father might not like it. But it was only the name of my brother Leon said backwards, and it sounded much better that way. â€Å"There is Nagrebcan, Maria† my brother said gesturing widely toward the west. She moved close to him. And after a while she said quietly: You love Nagrebcan, don’t you, Noel? Ca Celin drove away hi-yi-ing to his horse loudly. At the bend of the camino real where the big duhat tree grew, he rattled the handle of his braided rattan whip against the spokes of the wheel. We stood alone on the roadside. The sun was in our eyes, for it was dipping into the bright sea. The sky was wide deep and very blue above us; but along the saw-tooth rim of the Katayaghan hills to the southwest flamed huge masses of clouds. Before us the fields swam in a golden haze through which floated big purple and red and yellow bubbles when I looked at the sinking sun. Labang’s white coat, which I had washed and brushed that morning with coconut husk, glistened like beaten cotton under the lamplight and his horns appeared tipped with fire. He faced the sun and from his mouth came a call so loud and vibrant that the earth seemed to tremble underfoot. And far way in the middle of the fields a cow lowed soflty in answer. â€Å"Hitch him to the cart, Baldo,† my brother Leon said, laughing and she laughed with him a bit uncertainly, and I saw he had put his arms around her shoulders. â€Å"Why does he make that sound? † she asked. â€Å"I have never heard the like of it. † â€Å"There is not another like it,† my brother Leon said. I have yet to hear another bull call like Labang. In all the world there is no other bull like him. † She was smiling at him, and I stopped in the act of tying the vinca across Labang’s neck to the opposite end of the yoke, because her teeth was very white, her eyes were so full of laughter, and there was a small dimple high up on her right cheek. â€Å"If you continue to talk about him like that, either I shall fall in love with him or become very jealous. † My brother Leon laughed and she laughed and they looked at each other and it seemed to me there was a world of laughter between them and in them. I climbed into the cart over the wheel and Labang would have bolted for he was always like that, but I kept firm hold on his rope. He was restless and would not stand still. , so that ny brother Leon had to say â€Å"Labang† again, my brother Leon lifted the trunks into the cart, placing the smaller one on top. She looked down once on her high heeled shoes, then she gave her left hand to my brother Leon, placed a foot on the hub of the wheel, and in one breath she had swung into the cart. Oh, the fragrance of her! But Labang was fairly dancing with impatience and it was all I could do to keep him from running away. Give us the rope, Baldo,† my brother Leon said. â€Å" Maria , set on the hay and hold on to anything. † Then he put a foot on the left shaft and that instant Labang leaped forward. My brother Leon laughed as he drew himself up to the top of the side of the cart and made the slack of the rope hiss above the back of Labang. The wind whistled against my cheeks and the rattling of the wheels on the pebbly road echoed in my ears. She sat up straight on the bottom of the cart, legs bent together to one side, her skirt spread over them so that only the toes and the heels of her shoes were visible. Her eyes were on my brother Leon’s back; I saw the wind on her hair. When Labang slowed down, my brother Leon handed me the rope. I knelt on the straw inside the cart and pulled on the rope until Labang was merely shuffling along, then I made him turn around. â€Å"What is it you have forgotten now, Baldo? † my brother Leon said. I did not say anything but tickled with my fingers the rump of Labang; and away we went back to where I had in hitched and waited for them. The sun had sunk and down from the wooded sides of the Katayaghan hills shadows were stealing into the fields. When I sent Labang down the deep cut that would take us to the dry bed of the Waig, which could be used as a path to our place during the dry season, my brother Leon laid a hand on my shoulder and said sternly: â€Å"Who told you to drive through the fields tonight? â€Å"His hand was heavy on my shoulder, but I did not look at him or utter a word until we were on the rocky bottom of the Waig. â€Å"Baldo, you fool, answer me before I lay the rope of Labang on you. Why do you follow the Waig instead of the Camino real? † His fingers bit into my shoulder. â€Å"Father- he told me to follow the Waig tonight, Manong. Swiftly his hand fell away from my shoulder and he reached for the rope of Labang. Then my brother Leon laughed, and he sat back, and laughing still, he said: â€Å"And I suppose Father also told you to hitch Labang to the cart and meet us with him instead of the Castano and the calesa. † Without waiting forn me to answer, he turned to her and said, â€Å"Maria, why do you think Father should do that, now? † He laughed and added, â€Å"Have you ever seen so many stars before? † I looked back and they were sitting side by side, leaning against the trunks, hands clasped across the knees. Seemingly but a man’s height above the tops of the steep banks of the Waig, hung the stars. But in the deep gorge the shadows had fallen heavily, and even the white of Labang’s coat was chirped from their homes in the cracks in the banks. The thick, unpleasant smell of dangla bushes and cooling sun-heated earth mingled with the clean, sharp scent of arrais roots exposed to the night air and of the hay inside the cart. â€Å"Look, Noel, yonder is our star! † Deep surprise and gladness were in her voice. Very low in the west, almost touching the ragged edge of the bank, was the star, the biggest and brightest in the sky. I have been looking at it,† my brother Leon said. â€Å"Do you remember how I would tell you that when you want to see stars you must come to Nagrebcan? †. â€Å"Yes, Noel,† she said. â€Å"Look at it she murmured, half to herself. â€Å"It is so many times bigger than it was at Ermita beach. †The air here is clean and free of dust smoke. † So it is Noel,† she said,drawing a long breath. â€Å"Making fun of me, Maria? â€Å"She laughed then, and they laughed together and she took my brother Leon’s hand and put it against her face. I stopped Labang, climbed down, and lighted the lantern that hung from the cart, and my heart sang. Now the shadows took fright and did not crowd so near. Clumps of andadasi and arias flashed into view and quickly disappeared as we passed by. Ahead, the elongated shadow of Labang bobbled up and down and swayed drunkenly from side to side, for the lantern rocked jerkily with the cart. â€Å"Have we far to go yet, Noel? † she asked. â€Å"Ask Baldo,† my brother Leon said,†we have been neglecting him. † â€Å"I am asking you, Baldo,†she said. Without looking back, I answered, picking my words slowly: â€Å"Soon we will get out of the Waig and pass into the fields. After the fields is home – Manang. â€Å"So near already. † I did not say anything more, because I did not know what to make of the tone of her voice as she said her last words. All the laughter seemed to have gone out of her. I waited for my brother Leon to say something, but he was not saying anything. Suddenly he broke out into song and the song was â€Å"Sky Sown with Stars† –the same that he and father sang when he cut hay in the fields of nights before he went away to study. He must have taught her the song because she joined him, and her voice flowed into him like a gentle stream meeting a stronger one. And each time the wheel encountered a big rock, a voice would catch in her throat, but my brother Leon would sing on, until, laughing softly, she would join him again. Then we were climbing out into the fields, and through the spokes of the wheels the light of the lantern mocked the shadows. Labang quickened his steps. The jolting became more frequent and painful as we crossed the low dikes. â€Å"But it is so very wide here,† she said. The light of the stars broke and scattered the darkness so that one could see far on every side, though indistinctly. You miss the houses, and the cars, and the people and the noise, don’t you? † My brother Leon stopped singing. â€Å"Yes, but in a different way. I am glad they are not here. † With difficulty, I turned Labang to the left, for he wanted to go straight on. He was breathing hard, but I knew he was more thirsty than tired. In a little while , we drove up the grassy side onto the camino real. â€Å"-you see,† my brother Leon was explaining, â€Å"the camino real curves around the foot of the Katayaghan hills and passes by our house. We drove through the fields, because- but I’ll be asking father as soon as we get home† â€Å"Noel,† she said. Yes, Maria. † â€Å"I am afraid. He may not like me. † â€Å"Does that worry you still, Maria? † my brother said. â€Å"From the way you talk, he might be an ogre, for all the world. Except when his leg that was wounded in the revolution is troubling him, Father is the mildest tempered, gentlest man I know. † We came to the house of Lacay Julian and I spoke to Labang loudly, but Moning did not come to the window, so I surmised she must be eating with the rest of her fam ily. And I thought of the food being made ready at home and my mouth watered. We met the twins, Urong and Celin, and I said â€Å" Hoy,† calling them by name. And they shouted back and asked if my brother Leon and his wife were with me. And my brother Leon shouted to them and then told me to make Labang run; their answers were lost in the noise of the wheels. I stopped Labang on the road before our house and would have gotten down, but my brother Leon took the rope and told me to stay in the cart. He turned Labang into the open gate and we dashed into our yard. I thought we would crash into the bole of the camachile tree, but my brother Leon reined in Labang in time. There was light downstairs in the kitchen, and Mother stood in the doorway, and I could see her smiling shyly. My brother Leon was helping Maria over the wheel. The first words that fell from his lips after he had kissed Mother’s hand were: â€Å"Father – where is he? † â€Å"He is in his room upstairs,† Mother said, her face becoming serious. â€Å"His leg is bothering him again. † I did not hear anything more because I had to go back to the cart to unhitch Labang. But I had hardly tied him under the barn when I heard Father calling me. I met my brother Leon going to bring up the trunks. As I passed through the kitchen, there were Mother and my sister Aurelia and Maria, and it seemed to me they were crying, all of them. There was no light in Father’s room. There was no movement. He sat in the big armchair by the eastern window, and a star shone directly though it. He was smoking, but he removed the roll of tobacco from his mouth when he saw me. He laid it carefully on the windowsill before speaking. â€Å"Did you meet anybody on the way? † â€Å"No, Father,† I said. â€Å"Nobody passes through the Waig at night. † He reached for his roll of tobacco and hitched himself up in the chair. â€Å"She is very beautiful, Father. â€Å"Was she afraid of Labang? † My father had not raised his voice, but the room seemed to resound with it. And again I saw her eyes on the long curving horns and the arm off my brother Leon around her shoulders. â€Å"No, Father, she was not afraid. † â€Å"On the way-â€Å"â€Å"She looked at the stars, Father And Manong Leon sang. † â€Å"What did he sing? † â€Å"Sky Sown with Stars. † She sang with him. He was silent again. I could hear the low voices of Mother and my sister Aurelia downstairs. There was also the voice of my brother Leon, and I thought that Father’s voice must have been like it when he was young. He had laid the roll of tobacco on the windowsill once more. I watched the smoke waver faintly upward from the lighted end and vanish slowly into the night outside. The door opened and my brother Leon and Maria came in. â€Å"Have you watered Labang? † Father spoke to me. I told him that Labang was resting yet under the barn. â€Å"It is time you watered him, my son. † My father said. I looked at Maria and she was lovely. She was tall. Beside my brother Leon, she was tall and very still. Then I went out, and in the darkened hall the fragrance of her was like a morning when papayas are in bloom.

Frankenstein: The Impact of God-like Sciences Stemming from Modern Tech

Frankenstein: The Impact of God-like Sciences Stemming from Modern Technology In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein’s life story is the heart of the tale. As a young Swiss boy, he grew up in Geneva reading the works of the ancient and outdated alchemists, a background that serves him ill when he attends university at Ingolstadt. There he learns about modern science and, within a few years, masters all that his professors have to teach him. He becomes fascinated with the â€Å"secret of life,† discovers it, and brings a hideous monster into the world. The monster proceeds to kill Victor’s youngest brother, best friend, and wife; he also indirectly causes the deaths of two other innocents, including Victor’s father. Though torn by remorse, shame, and guilt, Victor refuses to admit to anyone the horror of what he has created, even as he sees the ramifications of his experiment spiraling out of control. This paper focuses on the God-like sciences that are portrayed in the novel. â€Å"Learn from me. . . at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow† (Shelley 101). Victor’s attempt to play God and Creator is most plainly seen through the perceptions and actions of his creation. The creature is born into the world as if it is a baby, knowing nothing of life. This creature's first experience as a living existence is being shunned by its own creator. I beheld the wretch---the miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me†¦ He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs (Shelley 43). The monster is reaching out to the only thing he knows thus far, his creator, and is met with disgust. Victor, being merely human, cannot offer this creature the unconditional love and guidance that God bestows on His creatures. This, in turn, leads to the imminent immoral actions of the creature. As technology advances, civilization grows farther from religious beliefs, attempting to become ‘God-like’. Instead of living off what is here, humans build their own habitats. Instead of accepting disease and death, hum... ...saac. "The Scientist as Villian." Asimov on Science Fiction. New York: Granada, 1983. 65-68. Brooks, Peter. "Godlike Science/ Unhallowed Arts: Language and Monstrosity in Frankenstein." New Literary History (Spring 1978) 591-605. Fellman, Gordon. "The Truths of Frankenstein: Technologism and Images of Destruction." Psychohistory Review 19 (1991): 177231. Gilbert, Sandra M., and Gubar, Susan. "Horror's Twin: Mary Shelley's Monstrous Eve." The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. 213-247. http://encarta.msn.com- "Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005. http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2005 Microsoft Corporation. Joseph, M.K. Introduction. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Ed. M.K. Joseph. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1969. i-xx. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus. Ed. M.K. Joseph. Oxford: Oxford Up, 1969. Spector, Robert Donald. Introduction. Seven Masterpieces of Gothic Horror. New York: Bantam, 1963. 1-12. Tillyard, E.M.W. Myth and the English Mind. New York: Collier Books, 1961.

Large Corporations Essay

Large corporations such as Wal-Mart or Home Depot often come under criticism for putting mom-and-pop shops out of business. While this may be a valid criticism, the consumers neglect to realize that they play the biggest part in shutting these businesses down. Consumers across the country are always looking for the best deals or the lowest prices, and in most cases the larger corporations are where products can be found at the lowest price. Many small business owners and the populations of small towns dislike large corporations moving into the area because they believe it negatively effects the local economy. In reality, we should embrace large corporations moving into our communities because they boost the local economy, they lower prices on products we use every day, and they create hundreds of jobs. Some believe that large corporations harm the local economy. While this is true in some cases, studies have shown that placing a Wal-Mart in an area actually increased sales for businesses in or around the area. In a study conducted in 2002 by Jim Simmons, a retired University of Toronto geography professor, the professor states: â€Å"We tried to see if there was a substantial sales decline in the nearby areas, but it was difficult to find,† said Mr. Simmons. â€Å"We couldn’t find any situation where people lost sales or went out of business.† (Shaw, H. 2002). This is just one of the many findings from the study. In an effort to further boost the local economies of the areas new Wal-marts are opened in, Wal-Mart has implemented a Locally Grown program that has been enacted since 2008. Pam Kohn, who is a senior vice president and general grocery merchandise manager, had this to say about the program. â€Å"At Walmart we are committed to increasing our locally grown offerings and the number of local small farms we work with. Through this program we are able to cut shipping costs and decrease food miles, but most importantly we are offering our customers an opportunity to support their local farmers without worrying about the impact on their wallets.† (Economics Week, 2008) This means that not only are they benefitting the stores around the area, but also the farmers in the area as well. This leads to a stronger local economy, and ultimately a thriving community. Stores like Wal-Mart are famous for keeping their prices so low. This is one reason why they are able to maintain a grip on the consumers of an area. They accomplish this by keeping the cost to produce and transport the goods low. In January, a study by the Los Angeles County Economic Development Corp. found that, â€Å"an individual family could save $589 a year on groceries by shopping at a supercenter. Overall, shoppers could save $3.76 billion in merchandise nationwide.† (Blazier, A, 2004) A major reason they can keep prices lower than mom-and-pop run businesses is their ability to buy merchandise in bulk. Buying in bulk works the same way it does for a consumer. The more of a product that is purchased, the less the cost is per unit. Consumers see this every day when they go to stores like Sam’s Club or Costco. When they buy their merchandise in bulk, they are able to offer it to the consumer at a lower price. (Kale, 2011) This is what could eventually drive the mom-and-pop owned businesses out of the area, and draw a negative criticism from the public. The interesting thing about this criticism is that the public complains about Wal-Mart driving these smaller businesses out, yet continue to shop at the Wal-Mart to save money. It would seem as though all that would be needed to be done would be to stop shopping at Wal-Mart and start shopping at the locally owned businesses. On the topic of jobs, there is a general increase in the availability of jobs after a large corporation moves in. Going back to the Wal-Mart example, a study was conducted to show how Wal-Mart affected job creation. In a study conducted by University of Missouri-Columbia professor Emek Basker, Wal-Mart creates a net value of 50 jobs more than it â€Å"destroys.† In her study, she presents these findings: â€Å"I find that immediately after entry, retail employment in the county increases by approximately 100 jobs; this figure declines by half over the next five years as some small and medium-sized retail establishments close. Wholesale employment declines by approximately 20 jobs over five years. Restaurant employment increases slightly; there is no change in employment in manufacturing or in automobile dealerships and service stations.† (Basker, 2005) In addition to the new jobs that are created, most Wal-Mart employees can enroll in health benefit programs, whether part time or full time workers. This means that smaller communities where health insurance options may have been limited will now have jobs where health insurance is a benefit. Also the low income families who can not afford pricey health insurance have the opportunity to receive benefits. Another benefit of having a Wal-Mart move into a community is the money it brings into the area. As with all businesses, large corporations have to pay taxes that go to local governments in the area they operate. In a bi-monthly publishing by the Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, Mitch Renkow writes, â€Å"Wal-Mart generates substantial sales tax and property tax revenues for the county in which it locates. This could potentially be of great benefit to the fiscal well-being of the local government in the town or county where the Wal-Mart is located.† (Renkow, 2005) This means that there is more money being generated for local spending, With all of the business that Wal-Mart can do, that is that much more money for the local area, much more than any mom-and-pop shops could provide. We should embrace bigger corporations moving into the area because it ultimately creates a stronger local economy. These corporations bring in products from around the world to communities that would have never gotten a chance to purchase them. They also keep the prices low so that low income families can afford them. Through job creation, slashing prices, and the attention to the area that comes with a big store such as Wal-Mart, it can be said that local economies benefit from these new stores opening in the area. WORKS CITED: Shaw, H. (2002). Wal-mart boosts local economies: Study: Finding shows retail behemoth benefits neighbouring stores. National Post. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/329926525?accountid=32521 Sailee, Kale (2011) How Does Walmart Keep Its Prices So Low? Retrieved from: http://www.business-online-news.com/how-does-walmart-keep-its-prices-so-low.html Blazier, A. (2004, Apr 15). Study concludes Wal-Mart creates more jobs than Retail chain chases away. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/464131659?accountid=32521 Matthews, C. (2012, 07). Ten Ways Wal-Mart Changed the World. Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/07/02/ten-ways-walmart-changed-the-world/#ixzz2IYS1yFFm Renkow, M. (2005). N.C. State Economist. Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics. retrieved from: www.ag-econ.ncsu.edu/VIRTUAL_LIBRARY/ECONOMIST/novdec05.pdf Basker, Emek, (2005) Job Creation or Destruction? Labor-Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion. Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 87, No. 1, February 2005. retrieved from SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=371102 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.371102