How to Get into an Ivy League School with a B+ GPA TKG

How to Get into an Ivy League School with a B+ GPA Prospective parents always ask us what we can do to help ensure their kids get into the Ivy League. As hardworking and bright as we’re sure they all are, those with B+ (or less) averages don’t always like our answer: If you’re knocking on the Ivy door, they’re not going to answer for you.The Reckoning It’s hard pill to swallow. You’ve worked really hard. You know your potential is limitless. So why wouldn’t your other qualifications shine past your above-average GPA? It’s true that colleges want to see a well-rounded candidate with strong values, demonstrated interests,  and a great personality. But those things come second. Grades and scores are the troll under the first bridge to Ivy League admission and you shall not pass. Nothing replaces grades and scores.The part of the job where we have to tell kids to take a good look in the mirror isn’t our favorite part, but it’s a really important one on the college acceptance journey. You might have extraordinary poten tial, but you can’t expect to reap the rewards if you didn’t put in the work. Also, going full-steam in the 11th hour isn’t the answer, either.Don’t Throw Away Your Real ChanceAt this point in the year, there is always that student who thinks that, in spite of the fact that their GPA doesn’t fall into Yale’s average, they should give it the old college try, anyhow. They spend their one opportunity to hedge their bets with an early decision on Yale’s single-choice early action.  They inevitably end up disappointed when they don’t get in. If you are a senior, don’t waste this chance. Wasting your one ED single-choice early action option on a school where you don’t have a real shot is a mistake.A Cautionary Tale If you are a sophomore, let this post be a lesson to you. You have some time, but not as much as you think. The time to start getting competitive about college admissions was last semester. If you are serious about contending for the Ivies and your academic average is currently below an A, you have to get going and do what it takes to get to the top of your game.Are you a high school sophomore? We are great at helping kids prepare for the admissions process. Call us here.

Bernie Sanders And The Economy - 1646 Words

Jonathan Harvey Morris HELA 10 Hour 5 8 May 2016 Bernie Sanders and the Economy With over 9 million votes and 42% of the popular vote in the Democratic Party primaries, one man has started what he calls a â€Å"political revolution†. He has gained widespread support for a political ideology that he calls democratic socialism through funneling the anger of Americans toward banks, the upper class, and trade deals. While he may seem appealing to many Americans, his flaws greatly outweigh his strengths. Bernie Sanders should not be the next President of the United States because his economic policies are extremely irresponsible and in some cases dangerous. After the Federal Reserve raised interest rates in December of 2015, Bernie Sanders wrote a scathing editorial in the New York Times, saying the Fed should not have raised rates. He didn’t, however, stop at saying the Fed should not have raised interest rates. Sanders went on to say â€Å"As a rule, the Fed should not raise interest rates until unemployment is below 4 percent.† His reasoning for this was that â€Å"Raising interest rates now is a disaster for small business owners who need loans to hire more workers and Americans who need more jobs and higher wages.† The implication made here is that there are small business owners who could afford to hire more workers and start new projects if the rates stayed low, but they would not be able to afford those employees and/or projects if the rates rose. To an ordinary bystander, thisShow MoreRelatedBernie Sanders And The Civil Rights Movement992 Words   |  4 Pagescandidates. In my evaluation essay, I will be focusing on Bernie Sanders and his stand on education, corporate regulations, and health care. Bernie Sanders has been involved with the government and politics since 1962 when he pursued his career at the University of Chicago and became involved in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1962 Bernie Sanders participated in a sit in against segregation on campus. The following year, in 1963, Sanders participated in a march in Washington. In college he was aRead MoreA Strong, Democratic Stand Point, By Bernie Sanders1212 Words   |  5 PagesThrough a strong, democratic stand point, Bernie Sanders has one of the strongest resolutions to immigration. Being in a family of immigrants himself, Sanders understands a lot of viewpoints from the immigrants. To solve these problems, Bernie has come up with an elaborate, six step plan. This plan covers making it easier to get a visa, making it easier to bring your family when you immigrate, and making equal and fair trade rights. This plan will be a major step towards solving the task at handRead MoreBernie Sanders : A Strong, Democratic Standp oint?1210 Words   |  5 PagesThrough a strong, democratic standpoint, Bernie Sanders has one of the strongest resolutions to immigration. Being in a family of immigrants himself, Sanders understands a lot of viewpoints from the immigrants. To solve these problems, Bernie has come up with an elaborate, six step plan. This plan covers making it easier to get a visa, making it easier to bring your family when you immigrate, and making equal and fair trade rights. This plan will be a major step towards solving the task at hand.Read MoreIs Bernie The Audience Pathos With Verities Of Emotions Thought His Speech?912 Words   |  4 PagesBernie connects to the audience pathos with verities of emotions thought his speech. Bernie understands the crowed emotions of fear for of income gap rising in America, â€Å"The reality that 47 million men, women and children today live in poverty. It is about understanding that if we do not transform our economy, our younger generation will likely h ave a lower standard of living than their parents†¦. This election is about ending the grotesque level of income and wealth inequality in America today†Read MoreEducation Is A Necessity Of Civilization Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity to further our learning? The recent Presidential election brought Senator Bernie Sanders’ ideals into the limelight, most notably his idea that a college education should be free. There are potential benefits with this plan, but also there are unavoidable problems. These problems greatly outweigh the benefits, furthermore, this idea of free public college education would prove disastrous for our economy. If college were to be free, then a college education would lose its value, moreoverRead MoreThe Republican Party And Bernie Sanders1513 Words   |  7 Pagesand Bernie Sanders are the only two Democrats running in the 2016 presidential election. Ted Cruz, John Kasich, and Donald Trump are the only three Republicans running in the 2016 presidential election, but the two candidates I had were, Bernie Sanders and Gary Johnson. Bernie Sanders is a part of the Democratic Party and Bernie Sanders is a part of the Libertarian Party. Bernie Sanders real name is Bernard but he goes by the name of Bernie. He was born on September 8, 1941. Bernie Sanders is anRead MoreBernie Sanders Is The Best For The Presidential Position926 Words   |  4 PagesPresidential Paper I believe Bernie Sanders is the best for the presidential position because he wants to help immigrants who are undocumented here and will do better for this country. He is a flared candidate who has an important message to the people, record free of evildoing and corruption. No other candidate has the credibility Bernie has on economy. For decades no one has paid attention to the American economy when it rigged in favor of the billionaire class at the expense of everyone elseRead MoreAmerica s Affordable Childcare Or Early Education For Children1346 Words   |  6 PagesSanders For President â€Å"Every working family in America knows how hard it is today to find affordable childcare or early education for children.† - Bernie Sanders. This quote is just one reason why Bernie is an amazing choice to be president. it shows how much he cares about how American children do not get the education they need, or how hard it is for the people to even afford health care. These two ideas need to be mandatory for a better nation. Bernie has the answer in this day and age to helpRead MoreBarack Obama s Current Tax Code1728 Words   |  7 Pagescandidates are looking to reform it in some way in order to, in their own eyes, better the current tax code affecting today’s citizens. For the Democratic party, I will be taking a look into the proposed tax policies of Hillary Clinton as well as Bernie Sanders’. On the other hand, for the Republican Party, I will examine the tax policies of Donald Trump along with Marco Rubio’s. Before I begin comparing each of the four candidates, I will present some of the policies in the current tax code. This willRead MoreBernie Sanders : A Different Era1036 Words   |  5 PagesKalee Mycal Ewald English 101 Professor David Backer January 9th, 2016 Bernie Sanders 2016 Candidate Bernie Sanders, though from a different era, is this generation’s 2016 candidate. He’s stood up for women and LGBT rights, against the expanding the usage of fossil fuels, and always with the ‘little people’ in mind. Not only is Bernie Sander’s track record as mayor and senator of Vermont groundbreaking, he’s taking a stand on American and World issues such as the class system, women’s reproductive

The Reformation Of The Church - 1465 Words

The reformation of the Church during the 16th century was one of the most religious, political, and cultural disturbance that occurred in Europe. The structures and the beliefs of the people of the Catholic Church would be questioned and redefined in many ways. During this era of time, men such as Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther, would have a significant impact on the plans that occurred. Erasmus was a reformer who believed in free will and that man could be saved by grace and good works. Luther, a revolutionists, believed that one can only be saved by grace alone. Hans Behem,--a man who believed in social equality not only in the spiritual world, but also in the outside world--was a revolutionist. He was a peasant who had a say in the ways of the church and worked to reveal to the people that there should be a no social hierarchy in society. These three men were outspoken and determined to have their thoughts not only revealed to the world, but also to be followed. They each ha d different views, beliefs and ways to express their efforts of change, but similarly worked hard to reveal their thoughts to the world. Desiderius Erasmus is known as being the foremost humanist in Europe during the 16th century. As a child he received an excellent education and when he had gone to one of the best Latin schools in the Netherlands, he learned Greek and also about the importance of having a personal relationship with God. When he was older, he wanted restoration of ChristianityShow MoreRelatedReformation of the Church864 Words   |  3 Pages In sixteenth century Europe, the revival for Roman Catholicism took place. This reformation in the Church is significantly important as it was during these times when Europe was all but mired by Protestant movements. This revival has often been referred to as the Catholic Counter-reformation, as a response against the Protestant Reformation. Christian humanism found expression, putting emphasis even on the pagan cultu re and philosophy. Controversies with the Protestants also gave way toRead MoreThe Reformation Of The Catholic Church1271 Words   |  6 PagesJackson Dukes Mr. Levy B3 3 March 2017 Killer Catholics Though millions of Catholics were brainwashed by higher-ranking church officials through cynical, selfish teachings, the reformation of the Catholic Church saved an immeasurable amount of lives by gaining religious freedom in Europe. I. Brainwashed Catholics A. Forced to work as slaves to church 1. Expected to work for free 2. Never taught any differently B. Forced to pay tithes 1. Rich people bribed 2. Relics as tribute C. Burned atRead MoreThe Catholic Church And The Reformation Essay2008 Words   |  9 PagesProtestant Church and the Reformation, it is first important to understand that one of the positions that claims the Catholic Church is apostolic succession. This simply means that they claim to be the sole authority over all other churches and denominations because they support the entire line of Roman Catholic Popes back to back centuries, to the apostle Peter. From their point of view, it gives the Catholic Church a unique authority which puts it above all other denominations or church. AccordingRead MoreReformation in the Church 2002676 Words   |  3 PagesMy Reformation for the Church in 2002 By Sally Smith There are several problems in the church that I can see right now. The biggest problem I see is that most Christians have made being a Christian a religious act. You have to do this and you can’t do that and if you don’t you will go to hell. We have made being a Christian long and labor some. Few church members understand the concept of grace. They have forgotten that Jesus just wants be our friend. That being a Christian is notRead MoreThe Reformation and the Church Essay example1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reformation was a decisive period in the history not only for the Catholic Church, but also for the entire world. The causes of this tumultuous point in history did not burst on the scene all at once, but slowly gained momentum like a boil that slowly festers through time before it finally bursts open. The Reformation of the Church was inevitable because of the abuses which the Church was suffering during this period. At the time of the Reformation, a segm ent of the Church had drifted away fromRead MoreResponse Of The Catholic Church To The Reformation1055 Words   |  5 Pagesresponse of the Catholic Church to the Reformation. Long before the reformation period,people within the church, both clergy and lay were keen for the church to eliminate all corrupt practices and for a reform,which would bring everyone closer to God. Those high up in church authority had ignored the concerns made by these reformers because they were personally gaining from practices like indulgences. However the sixteenth century split of protestant from the Catholic church became obvious and broughtRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Catholic Church996 Words   |  4 PagesCatholic Church built upon the bureaucratic organization of the Roman Empire, became powerful, but also very corrupt. Calls for reformation within the Church started as early as the twelfth century. To try to resolve doctrinal issues and reform the church, nine councils were called between 1215 and 1545. However, all nine councils failed to reach any noteworthy protocol and agreement regarding the Church. The clergy was unable to follow the Churchâ€⠄¢s rules and the abuses of the Catholic Church continuedRead MoreProtestant Reformation And The Catholic Church Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesChloe Cooper Mrs. Trahan English 10, 1st period 10 November 2016 Catholic vs Protestant Throughout history, the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church have developed similarities and differences among their religions. Because they are both a major part of history they’re both equally important. The most important thing is knowing facts about our history and major events that occurred. Catholicism and Protestantism are both two very different religions that have different opinions. WhileRead MoreThe Reformation : Four Challenges For The Catholic Church1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reformation: Four Challenges to the Catholic Church The Reformation was a European religious movement of monumental proportions and consequences, during which a new Christian religion, Protestantism, was created. Protestantism differs from other forms of Christianity in that it is not a single church, but many different churches, denominations, and congregations, it is extremely diverse. The first proto-Protestant congregations, even predate the Reformation, drawing their origins from an earlierRead MoreCatholic Church During The Protestant Reformation1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe three areas of concern that Catholics had about the Catholic Church before the Protestant Reformation were The Plague, Abuse of the Indulgences and The Great Schism. The Plague also known as the Black Death was a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulated among wild rodents. The disease took place in the fourteenth century. Symptoms include aching of limbs, high fever, vomiting of blood, and swelling of the lymph nodes. After the lymph nodes swelled they would then burst

Integrity in Characters of Different Literary Works

Integrity Integrity is the basing of ones actions on an internally consistent framework of principles. Meaning, one who has integrity bases their actions on a moral code of honor, character, strength, and courage. These principles guide a character’s motive and cause, putting public image aside to lead a life chivalry and conviction. One example this is Willie Bodega of Bodega Dreams by Ernesto Quià ±onez. Although Willie’s means are shady, he strives for the betterment of Spanish Harlem through the improvement of abandoned and damaged apartments. Next, there is John Proctor of The Crucible by Arthur Miller. Proctor refuses to provide a false confession is a true religious and personal stand. By refusing to give up his personal†¦show more content†¦This action shows integrity because Willie took a complete outsider of his business, and guides him in the way of running an empire. Next, there is John Proctor, an honorable man of the colony of Salem, Massachusetts. Procto r becomes tied up with the literal and figurative witch hunt in Salem, his wife is being accused by his secret lover Abigail Williams. The only way to have his wife escape a hanging is to admit that had relations with Abigail to the court. His great pride and fear of public view forced him to keep his adultery from the court. However, Proctor becomes more concerned with his individual integrity than his public status. Proctor still wants to cleanse his name, but for religious and personal reasons. Proctors refusal to supply a false confession is a true personal and religious stand. Confessing would dishonor his fellow prisoners, who are brave enough to hang at the gallows as statement of truth. More importantly, a false admission would also dishonor him, tainting not just his public standing, but also his soul and integrity. By refusing to forfeit his own integrity Proctor implicitly proclaims his conviction that such integrity will bring him to heaven. He is martyred, being redeeme d for his earlier sins. Lastly, there is Holden Caulfield who epitomizes the complete opposite of integrity. Holden glorifies his deceptions and lies he gets away with. He prides himself on how people fall for his dishonesty. This in and ofShow MoreRelatedTeaching Biblical Based Values And Helping Students Develop Their Characters As Christian Young Men And Women980 Words   |  4 Pagesand purpose of human existence† (Knight, 2006, p. 230). As Knight so clearly states, the secondary English classroom is rife with opportunities for teaching biblical-based values and helping students develop their characters as Christian young men and women. By examining literary characters, historical figures, writing samples, and by expressing themselves through the use of language, students encounter many opportunities to reflect upon and discuss a plethora of values. Van Brummelen (2002) lists anRead MoreLiterary Masterpieces in Contemporary Society Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Masterpieces in Contemporary Society April Clark, Kristi Garcia, Deatrice Dale, Darlene Powell ENG/106 December 3, 2012 Daphne Matthews Literary Masterpieces in Contemporary Society Literary masterpieces are known to withstand the test of time. The passing of years, government movements, and the changing of ideas as the world grows older literary masterpieces still strive on. Literary masterpieces come in all forms; semantics, poetry (literary form), Short stories, andRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer s Impact On Literature1231 Words   |  5 PagesChaucer wrote several famous literary works in what is called middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340 in London, England. Over the course of Chaucer’s life, he entered and exited several different social classes. He began to write his most known pieces when he became a public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster in 1357. He died on October 25, 1400 in London, England, and was buried in Westminster Abbey’s Poet’s Corner. In Chaucer’s life he wrote over 500 works of literature, which includesRead MoreNo One Hears Words on a Page: The Native American Oral Tradition1021 Word s   |  5 Pagesauthors is not diminished by the fact they fail to fully transcribe tales of the oral tradition into an equally successful literary story. The basic elements of the oral tradition are technically adhered to but the interaction between audience and the teller is absent. The lack of personal interaction with the histories and ethical tales changes the culture of Native Americans. Literary stories are generally published for public consumption. The public, not sensitive to Native culture, then controls theRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations: End Analysis1039 Words   |  4 Pagesconclusion of all that has preceded it. An illogical ending will yield an unsatisfying narrative, and even a surprise ending must have some internal consistency to it. Therefore, internal consistency is a criterion of a good literary ending. Another criterion of a good literary ending is that it be one that is consistent with the theme and tone of the novel. The ending must also leave the reader with the impact intended by the author. In other words, an ending is what the author is really trying toRead MoreHuman Selfless or Selfish in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1302 Words   |  6 Pagesinstinctively prioritize their own individual security over other people’s welfares. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s literary works, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and The Scarlett Letter, as well as F. Scott Fitzgerald’s renowned novel, The Great Gatsby, all reference the idea that people impulsively pursue perfection, as determined by their community’s values. While different communities establish different standards for perfection, society as whole romanticizes the idea of perfection and subsequently people striveRead MoreThe Stages of Maturation in James Joyce’s Araby John Updikes AP from the Authors Perspective902 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant to continually compare two of their similar works in Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and Updike’s â€Å"AP†. James Joyce and John Updike follow similar views with the latter using Joyce as a foundation and following in similar footsteps; both authors follow a process of maturation based on the allure of love, while doing it at different stages of each of the protagonists’ lives resulting in similar views with different stages. First, both authors use the characters telling their own story in first person narrationRead MoreGreat Expectations And Little Red Riding Cap1272 Words   |  6 Pages Firstly, I will present to you the meaning and definition of Formalization. From there I will introduce the tale of Great Expectations, giving a detailed summary of the book and its themes. Then I will show the different examples of formalization within the tale and how this literary technique aids the reader in understanding the narrative. For the second half of this essay, I will then delve into the Brothers Grimm’s telling of Little Red Riding Ca p, where I will once again give a summary of theRead MoreHard Times Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary works often portray or allude to the society in which they are written. Characters take upon social statuses, and whose positions and characterizations are determined by those statuses. Social statuses, in any context, are hard to change. It is the American Dream to move from a lower class to the upper class, and the American Dream is hard to obtain, although easy to wish for. These social classes provide easy identification of characters, but also prove to be barriers within the societyRead MoreAbraham Stoker and Theater1231 Words   |  5 PagesIrish tales. It is not very shocking to see that, because he grew up around misery, he became so intrigued with dark literature. His mother built the foundation that Stoker would later build his theatrical/literary empire on. His love for theater introduced him to the literary world. Stoker’s work and interest with theater is what eventually led him to become so involved with Gothic Literature. He was not fully capable of his writing abilities until after he enrolled in college. â€Å"[Stoker] enrolled

Thematics by Boris Tomashevsky Summarry free essay sample

Thematics, by Boris Tomashevsky he disscuses the difference between plot and story, most people think their interchngable but this is not the case. Story is the easy way to say what the event and characters are doing and going through. plot is how the story is set up, what events are told first and who is the narrator. story shows a connection on causeality, this means on event in the story causes another. this differs from plot in a way becasue plot is the chronalogical order of things as they appear in the literature. Arration is a big part of any work of liturature simply because depending on what type of narration or who the narrator is it could dramaticaly effect the plot of the work of littiture. the two main types of narration is limited and omniscient. omniscient never spesifies who the narrator is , although the narrator knows everything even personal thought of the characters. We will write a custom essay sample on Thematics by Boris Tomashevsky Summarry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page a limited narrator is when the narrator is an actual character and the story line is told through their percpective and has an explination on how they know about it. hese two main narrative styles are the only ones their are oftern mixed methods. Boris Tomashevsky uses the caliph stork as an example to disscuse the differences between plot and story. if the narration would have followed the herion of the tale from the begining it would have had the same story line but the plot would have been alter, because some event would have to moved as in which order they would be told but all the facts of the story line would remain intact.

Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional Essay Example

Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? Essay Is Plea Bargain Unconstitutional The goal of this research paper is to analyze plea bargain and discuss whether it complies with Constitution of United States. In order to accomplish this goal, conception of plea is explained in details, as well as its advantages and disadvantages for some of the participants and the system as a whole. Also Constitution is analyzed in terms of plea bargaining case in order to find out how it correlates with principal law. Besides cases of using plea bargaining and their results are explained in this research paper. Before going into further discussion I would like to briefly explain the basic conception. Judicial system is designed to punish those people that committed crimes through the system of jury trials where criminal defendant is considered as guilty or not guilty. So, at first glance it looks unavoidable that all criminals are punished according and in proportion to their crimes. In fact, there is another way of judging and punishing criminals that does not include jury trials and fair judicial process that finds defendant guilty or not guilty. This system is called plea bargaining. A plea bargain is an agreement in a criminal case whereby the prosecutor offers the defendant the opportunity to plead guilty, usually to a lesser charge or to the original criminal charge with recommendation of a lighter than maximum sentence. Plea bargains have its advantages and disadvantages. First of all, plea bargain has benefits for criminals that really did the crime. It allows them to avoid the risk of conviction at trial and receive full term of punishment for their crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, they could be offered to plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge instead of felony charge. No wonder that this practice became very popular in United States. Also most of the involved parties benefit from plea bargaining. Criminals receive lesser punishment and therefore they tend to plead guilty. The cases finish earlier with predicted results so prosecutors also enjoy less workload as well as clerks that work with documentations. Money of taxpayers is also spent less both on the trial process and imprisonment. The most obvious disadvantage of plea bargaining is that it does not protect innocent people and leave no chance for them to be free after the court. Plea bargain presumes minimization of imprisonment term, not its full abolition. So, innocent people may choose plea bargain option because they fear to receive even stronger punishment. And that is indeed the most serious problem of this agreement. Plea bargain minimizes punishment for criminals with serious record, but punishes innocent people that were not able to prove their innocent to the prosecutor and therefore they go to prison for the same period of time as people that did accomplish the crime. Also this is another problem of plea bargain. It presumes that defendant is guilty without proving this with evidence and reasoning, while according to legislation nobody can be called guilty without proving. As well plea bargain becomes popular choice for people that do not their rights and legislation system and do not have money to afford a lawyer to defend their rights in court. So, besides unfairness and infringement of rights, this agreement uses weak position of the defendant to punish him or her without guilt and therefore is not democratic process, but creates groundless advantages for those who know judicial system very good or have enough money to hire a lawyer to defend them in court. So, in general plea bargaining proves to be unclear practice that creates benefits for criminals that know and infringe laws and puts innocent people in unstable position where they should choose between taking short term punishment without being guilty or receive even higher term after trial. But what is even more impressive is that statistically 9 out of 10 such criminal cases finish with plea bargain. Such proportion becomes clear after we go deeper into this system. In fact, judicial system does not only encourage criminal defendants to use plea bargain to receive less severe punishment, but it also retaliates those who dared to request trial by jury in order to defend their right for liberty. The most well-known case of such situation is so-called watershed precedent of Paul Lewis Hayes, which was indicted for attempting to pass forged check to the amount of $88. Such kind of crime is punishable by prison term of two to 10 years. So the prosecutor offered Hayes five years if he would plead guilty and waive this right to trial. Also the prosecutor made it clear that if Hayes rejects the offer, the state would seek a new indictment from a grand jury under Kentucky’s Habitual Criminal Act. Under this Hayes would receive life sentence taking into consideration his previous criminal record. Despite all these circumstances and high pressure, Hayes decided to insist on his right to jury trial. But in spite of his expectations, he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Thus, plea bargaining has another advantage over jury trial – it allows criminal defendants not only to avoid full punishment, but also protects them from additional convictions. But as this case proves, it is possible to receive even higher punishment if one tries to defend his or her rights in trial. In order to prove or disapprove unconstitutional character of the plea bargain practice one should refer to the source. First of all, Bill or Rights guarantees the following rights: †¢the right to be informed of the charges, †¢the right not to be compelled to incriminate oneself, the right to a speedy and public trial, †¢the right to an impartial jury trial in the state and district where the offense took place, †¢the right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses, †¢the right to call witnesses on one’s own behalf, †¢the right to the assistance of counsel. So, Fifth Amendment prohibits self-incrimination while Sixth Amendment guarantees impartial juries. Thus, Bill of Rights limits powers of police and prosecutors in order to safeguard our freedom. Thus, all this basically confirms that plea bargaining limited rights of U. S. itizen in many aspects: †¢it limits the right to be informed of the charges because defendant prepares a waiver that enable the prosecutor to set punishment as he or she pleases and offers, †¢it limits the right not to be compelled to incriminate oneself because the person actually incriminates oneself and plead guilty, †¢it limits the right to a speedy and public trial because no trial is conducted in case of plea bargaining, †¢it limits the right to an impartial jury trial in the state and district where the offense took place, †¢it limits the right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses because no witnesses are used in this case, †¢as well it limits the right to call witness es on one’s own behalf and the right to the assistance of counsel. So, Constitution gives a citizen the right to defend oneself and guarantees his or her liberty before it was proven by the court that he or she is guilty. According to Justice Hugo Black, defendant â€Å"has an absolute, unqualified right to compel the State to investigate its own case, find its own witnesses, prove its own facts, and convince the jury through its own resources. Throughout the process, the defendant has a fundamental right to remain silent, in effect challenging the State at every point to ‘Prove it! ’† Thus, in spite of providing such extended rights by Bill of Rights, efendants lose all of them because they are forced into practice of plea bargain that offers them to plead guilty without any trial and abandon all their rights given by Constitution. Therefore, by formal evidence we see that plea bargain is unconstitutional. It does not only takes the citizen rights, which are guaranteed by Constitution of United States, but also punishes those who dared to object against this and want to realize their right to jury trial. The problem is that it is impossible to convince the court that by offering plea bargain, the prosecutor violates the Constitution by threatening to punish the defendant or simply invoking his or her right to trial. And therefore the defendant will receive the most hard punishment possible in case of trial after offering plea bargaining. In case of Hayes, he was not able to defend his right to trial because the court admitted that a new indictment was filed against him that deterred him from exercising this right. Also the Court declined to overturn his sentence because he could have avoided life imprisonment risk if he admitted his guilt and accepted five years of prison. Still, there are viewpoints that find this decision improper and unlawful. Indeed detailed analysis of Hayes case shows that the idea of plea bargaining cannot withstand any serious scrutiny. First of all, the choice that was offered was not within constitutional rationale. The defendant should choose between two evils: going to prison for five years or for a lifetime. Actually it has nothing to do with freedom of choice, but with forcing to agree with proposed punishment. The same principle can be applied to false imprisonment action from one female to a male acquaintance that forced her to travel by car instead of going by train. Actually he gave her choice – to go without her purse by train after he took the purse out of train. And when he dragged her out of train he gave her another opportunity to leave or to go by car. So as we see offering limited choices has nothing to do with fair conduct. Another fiction of plea bargaining that is used by its followers is that government does not retaliate against individuals that wish to execute their right to jury trial. When, in fact, these people are punished very severely like in the case of Hayes. Also plea bargaining is used in cases when legislation of different states is opposite like strict laws against handgun possession in Washington D. C. Tourists from other states are often taken by the local police that takes their guns and offers them to plead guilty is possession of illegal arms. In case if the tourists disagree with this offer, they can receive worse accusations – for example, for each bullet. So most of the tourists decide to agree that they are guilty and give their handgun to the police. Thus, in spite of the fact that Constitution of United States provides its citizens with rights to defend themselves against accusations, in reality there are numerous practices of ignoring these rights and offering propositions that do not comply with Act of Rights but can lead to much worse situations if they are to be rejected and if defendant decides to defend his or her rights at court. Moreover, there are viewpoints that there is nothing wrong with such practices. There are many followers among prosecutors and civilians that argue that Constitution defended citizens in old times when court practices were different. Nowadays we have courts without jury so in some cases it should be beneficial for the defendant to reduce his or her punishment by pleading guilty. Such people argue that right to trial is not inalienable because most of the rights are beneficial due to their abilities to be sold and purchased. So, they offer to view plea bargaining as a deal – to waive the right for trial and receive less punishment instead of it. It should be emphasized that there was no single opinion about this topic. For example, in 1858 New York court decided in case Cancemi v. People that defendant should not be able to waive a jury trial because â€Å"the law does recognize the doctrine of waiver to a great extent even to the deprivation of constitutional private rights†. Still in 1879 Iowa Supreme Court took the opposite decision in case State v. Kaufman. According to the Court, â€Å"Reasons other than the fact that he is guilty may induce a defendant to so plead et the state never actively interferes in such case, and the right of the defendant to so plead has never been doubted. He must be permitted to judge for himself in this respect. Why should he not be permitted to do so? Why hamper him in this respect? Why restrain his liberty or right to do as he believed to be for his interests? Whatever rule is adopted affects not only the defendant, but all others similarly situated, no matter how much they desire to avail themselves of the right to do what the defendant desires to repudiate. We are unwilling to establish such a rule. † In several years after this case, Iowa Supreme Court changed his mind in State v. Carman case and then one more time in 1980 in case State v. Henderson. Connecticut Court disallowed ury waivers in 1878 while Louisiana allowed them in 1881. Nowadays it is well-known that jury trial right is alienable and nothing in the Constitution said the opposite. Thus, defendant can sell this right in order to receive some benefits. And in case of guilty people this enables them to improve their situation. From this point of view case of Hayes becomes more complicated. If defendant has a right to w aive his or her rights to get benefits, then Hayes should take his opportunity and agree to plead guilty in order to receive shorter term of imprisonment. And indeed he should not complain that after trial his punishment increased significantly – from up to 10 years to lifetime in prison. Another argument against plea bargaining states that in case of several people that committed the same crime, these people will receive different punishment on the basis of their decisions to agree that they are guilty without trial or go to trial that can decide about different terms for each of them. Also someone who is not guilty may be so afraid that he or she decides to plead guilty in order to avoid trial. These arguments can be opposed with the same reasoning that people choose their future on the basis of their decisions and plea bargaining is one of them. Thus, there are a lot of discussions about plea bargaining and actually no single opinion about the agreement. There are viewpoints that it is not constitutional because it does not comply with Act of Rights and Fifth and Six Amendments. Therefore it should not be practiced. Also there are opinions that there is no direct objection against it in Constitution so there is no reason to argue about unconstitutional character of plea bargaining. In my opinion, plea bargaining should be an additional option for the defendant, not the main one and obviously not the best possible. Nowadays it is an instrument of pressure of prosecutors on defendants in order to win the case. The only defendants that benefit from this agreement are criminals that decided to confirm their guilt in order to reduce the punishment, while innocent people are threaten by severe punishment might decide to agree with plea bargaining to avoid risk of longer terms of imprisonment. Therefore, in my opinion, the accents should be shifted and court should not make pressure on defendants to take this decision and obviously not to retaliate against them if they express wish to defend their rights in court. References: 1. Colquitt J. , (2001), Ad Hoc Plea Bargaining. Tulane Law Review, Vol. 75 . 2. Cooley Th. , (1868), A Treatise on Constitutional Limitations on the Police Power of the States, Boston, Mass. : Little, Brown. 3. Fine R. A. , (1987), Escape of the Guilty. New York. 4. Fisher G. , (2003), Plea Bargaining’s Triumph, Stanford, Calif. , 5. Stanford University Press. 6. Guidorizzi D. , (1998), Should We Really â€Å"Ban† Plea Bargaining? The Core Concerns of Plea Bargaining Critics, Emory Law Journal, Vol. 47. 7. Langbein J. H. (1980) Torture and Plea Bargaining, The Public Interest. 8. Lynch T. , (2002), An Eerie Efficiency, Cato Supreme Court Review, Vol. 1. 9. Lynch T. , (1994), Rethinking the Petty Offense Doctrine, Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 4. 10. Mazzone J. , (2003), The Waiver Paradox, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 97. 11. Roberts P. C. , Stratton L. M. , (2000), The Tyranny of Good Intentions, New York. 12. Ramsey C. , (2002) , The Discretionary Power of ‘Public’ Prosecutors in 13. Historical Perspective, American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 39. 14. Towne S. , (1982), The Historical Origins of Bench Trial for Serious Crime, American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 26. Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional Essay Example Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? Essay Is Plea Bargain Unconstitutional The goal of this research paper is to analyze plea bargain and discuss whether it complies with Constitution of United States. In order to accomplish this goal, conception of plea is explained in details, as well as its advantages and disadvantages for some of the participants and the system as a whole. Also Constitution is analyzed in terms of plea bargaining case in order to find out how it correlates with principal law. Besides cases of using plea bargaining and their results are explained in this research paper. Before going into further discussion I would like to briefly explain the basic conception. Judicial system is designed to punish those people that committed crimes through the system of jury trials where criminal defendant is considered as guilty or not guilty. So, at first glance it looks unavoidable that all criminals are punished according and in proportion to their crimes. In fact, there is another way of judging and punishing criminals that does not include jury trials and fair judicial process that finds defendant guilty or not guilty. This system is called plea bargaining. A plea bargain is an agreement in a criminal case whereby the prosecutor offers the defendant the opportunity to plead guilty, usually to a lesser charge or to the original criminal charge with recommendation of a lighter than maximum sentence. Plea bargains have its advantages and disadvantages. First of all, plea bargain has benefits for criminals that really did the crime. It allows them to avoid the risk of conviction at trial and receive full term of punishment for their crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is Plea Bargaining Unconstitutional? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, they could be offered to plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge instead of felony charge. No wonder that this practice became very popular in United States. Also most of the involved parties benefit from plea bargaining. Criminals receive lesser punishment and therefore they tend to plead guilty. The cases finish earlier with predicted results so prosecutors also enjoy less workload as well as clerks that work with documentations. Money of taxpayers is also spent less both on the trial process and imprisonment. The most obvious disadvantage of plea bargaining is that it does not protect innocent people and leave no chance for them to be free after the court. Plea bargain presumes minimization of imprisonment term, not its full abolition. So, innocent people may choose plea bargain option because they fear to receive even stronger punishment. And that is indeed the most serious problem of this agreement. Plea bargain minimizes punishment for criminals with serious record, but punishes innocent people that were not able to prove their innocent to the prosecutor and therefore they go to prison for the same period of time as people that did accomplish the crime. Also this is another problem of plea bargain. It presumes that defendant is guilty without proving this with evidence and reasoning, while according to legislation nobody can be called guilty without proving. As well plea bargain becomes popular choice for people that do not their rights and legislation system and do not have money to afford a lawyer to defend their rights in court. So, besides unfairness and infringement of rights, this agreement uses weak position of the defendant to punish him or her without guilt and therefore is not democratic process, but creates groundless advantages for those who know judicial system very good or have enough money to hire a lawyer to defend them in court. So, in general plea bargaining proves to be unclear practice that creates benefits for criminals that know and infringe laws and puts innocent people in unstable position where they should choose between taking short term punishment without being guilty or receive even higher term after trial. But what is even more impressive is that statistically 9 out of 10 such criminal cases finish with plea bargain. Such proportion becomes clear after we go deeper into this system. In fact, judicial system does not only encourage criminal defendants to use plea bargain to receive less severe punishment, but it also retaliates those who dared to request trial by jury in order to defend their right for liberty. The most well-known case of such situation is so-called watershed precedent of Paul Lewis Hayes, which was indicted for attempting to pass forged check to the amount of $88. Such kind of crime is punishable by prison term of two to 10 years. So the prosecutor offered Hayes five years if he would plead guilty and waive this right to trial. Also the prosecutor made it clear that if Hayes rejects the offer, the state would seek a new indictment from a grand jury under Kentucky’s Habitual Criminal Act. Under this Hayes would receive life sentence taking into consideration his previous criminal record. Despite all these circumstances and high pressure, Hayes decided to insist on his right to jury trial. But in spite of his expectations, he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Thus, plea bargaining has another advantage over jury trial – it allows criminal defendants not only to avoid full punishment, but also protects them from additional convictions. But as this case proves, it is possible to receive even higher punishment if one tries to defend his or her rights in trial. In order to prove or disapprove unconstitutional character of the plea bargain practice one should refer to the source. First of all, Bill or Rights guarantees the following rights: †¢the right to be informed of the charges, †¢the right not to be compelled to incriminate oneself, the right to a speedy and public trial, †¢the right to an impartial jury trial in the state and district where the offense took place, †¢the right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses, †¢the right to call witnesses on one’s own behalf, †¢the right to the assistance of counsel. So, Fifth Amendment prohibits self-incrimination while Sixth Amendment guarantees impartial juries. Thus, Bill of Rights limits powers of police and prosecutors in order to safeguard our freedom. Thus, all this basically confirms that plea bargaining limited rights of U. S. itizen in many aspects: †¢it limits the right to be informed of the charges because defendant prepares a waiver that enable the prosecutor to set punishment as he or she pleases and offers, †¢it limits the right not to be compelled to incriminate oneself because the person actually incriminates oneself and plead guilty, †¢it limits the right to a speedy and public trial because no trial is conducted in case of plea bargaining, †¢it limits the right to an impartial jury trial in the state and district where the offense took place, †¢it limits the right to cross-examine the state’s witnesses because no witnesses are used in this case, †¢as well it limits the right to call witness es on one’s own behalf and the right to the assistance of counsel. So, Constitution gives a citizen the right to defend oneself and guarantees his or her liberty before it was proven by the court that he or she is guilty. According to Justice Hugo Black, defendant â€Å"has an absolute, unqualified right to compel the State to investigate its own case, find its own witnesses, prove its own facts, and convince the jury through its own resources. Throughout the process, the defendant has a fundamental right to remain silent, in effect challenging the State at every point to ‘Prove it! ’† Thus, in spite of providing such extended rights by Bill of Rights, efendants lose all of them because they are forced into practice of plea bargain that offers them to plead guilty without any trial and abandon all their rights given by Constitution. Therefore, by formal evidence we see that plea bargain is unconstitutional. It does not only takes the citizen rights, which are guaranteed by Constitution of United States, but also punishes those who dared to object against this and want to realize their right to jury trial. The problem is that it is impossible to convince the court that by offering plea bargain, the prosecutor violates the Constitution by threatening to punish the defendant or simply invoking his or her right to trial. And therefore the defendant will receive the most hard punishment possible in case of trial after offering plea bargaining. In case of Hayes, he was not able to defend his right to trial because the court admitted that a new indictment was filed against him that deterred him from exercising this right. Also the Court declined to overturn his sentence because he could have avoided life imprisonment risk if he admitted his guilt and accepted five years of prison. Still, there are viewpoints that find this decision improper and unlawful. Indeed detailed analysis of Hayes case shows that the idea of plea bargaining cannot withstand any serious scrutiny. First of all, the choice that was offered was not within constitutional rationale. The defendant should choose between two evils: going to prison for five years or for a lifetime. Actually it has nothing to do with freedom of choice, but with forcing to agree with proposed punishment. The same principle can be applied to false imprisonment action from one female to a male acquaintance that forced her to travel by car instead of going by train. Actually he gave her choice – to go without her purse by train after he took the purse out of train. And when he dragged her out of train he gave her another opportunity to leave or to go by car. So as we see offering limited choices has nothing to do with fair conduct. Another fiction of plea bargaining that is used by its followers is that government does not retaliate against individuals that wish to execute their right to jury trial. When, in fact, these people are punished very severely like in the case of Hayes. Also plea bargaining is used in cases when legislation of different states is opposite like strict laws against handgun possession in Washington D. C. Tourists from other states are often taken by the local police that takes their guns and offers them to plead guilty is possession of illegal arms. In case if the tourists disagree with this offer, they can receive worse accusations – for example, for each bullet. So most of the tourists decide to agree that they are guilty and give their handgun to the police. Thus, in spite of the fact that Constitution of United States provides its citizens with rights to defend themselves against accusations, in reality there are numerous practices of ignoring these rights and offering propositions that do not comply with Act of Rights but can lead to much worse situations if they are to be rejected and if defendant decides to defend his or her rights at court. Moreover, there are viewpoints that there is nothing wrong with such practices. There are many followers among prosecutors and civilians that argue that Constitution defended citizens in old times when court practices were different. Nowadays we have courts without jury so in some cases it should be beneficial for the defendant to reduce his or her punishment by pleading guilty. Such people argue that right to trial is not inalienable because most of the rights are beneficial due to their abilities to be sold and purchased. So, they offer to view plea bargaining as a deal – to waive the right for trial and receive less punishment instead of it. It should be emphasized that there was no single opinion about this topic. For example, in 1858 New York court decided in case Cancemi v. People that defendant should not be able to waive a jury trial because â€Å"the law does recognize the doctrine of waiver to a great extent even to the deprivation of constitutional private rights†. Still in 1879 Iowa Supreme Court took the opposite decision in case State v. Kaufman. According to the Court, â€Å"Reasons other than the fact that he is guilty may induce a defendant to so plead et the state never actively interferes in such case, and the right of the defendant to so plead has never been doubted. He must be permitted to judge for himself in this respect. Why should he not be permitted to do so? Why hamper him in this respect? Why restrain his liberty or right to do as he believed to be for his interests? Whatever rule is adopted affects not only the defendant, but all others similarly situated, no matter how much they desire to avail themselves of the right to do what the defendant desires to repudiate. We are unwilling to establish such a rule. † In several years after this case, Iowa Supreme Court changed his mind in State v. Carman case and then one more time in 1980 in case State v. Henderson. Connecticut Court disallowed ury waivers in 1878 while Louisiana allowed them in 1881. Nowadays it is well-known that jury trial right is alienable and nothing in the Constitution said the opposite. Thus, defendant can sell this right in order to receive some benefits. And in case of guilty people this enables them to improve their situation. From this point of view case of Hayes becomes more complicated. If defendant has a right to w aive his or her rights to get benefits, then Hayes should take his opportunity and agree to plead guilty in order to receive shorter term of imprisonment. And indeed he should not complain that after trial his punishment increased significantly – from up to 10 years to lifetime in prison. Another argument against plea bargaining states that in case of several people that committed the same crime, these people will receive different punishment on the basis of their decisions to agree that they are guilty without trial or go to trial that can decide about different terms for each of them. Also someone who is not guilty may be so afraid that he or she decides to plead guilty in order to avoid trial. These arguments can be opposed with the same reasoning that people choose their future on the basis of their decisions and plea bargaining is one of them. Thus, there are a lot of discussions about plea bargaining and actually no single opinion about the agreement. There are viewpoints that it is not constitutional because it does not comply with Act of Rights and Fifth and Six Amendments. Therefore it should not be practiced. Also there are opinions that there is no direct objection against it in Constitution so there is no reason to argue about unconstitutional character of plea bargaining. In my opinion, plea bargaining should be an additional option for the defendant, not the main one and obviously not the best possible. Nowadays it is an instrument of pressure of prosecutors on defendants in order to win the case. The only defendants that benefit from this agreement are criminals that decided to confirm their guilt in order to reduce the punishment, while innocent people are threaten by severe punishment might decide to agree with plea bargaining to avoid risk of longer terms of imprisonment. Therefore, in my opinion, the accents should be shifted and court should not make pressure on defendants to take this decision and obviously not to retaliate against them if they express wish to defend their rights in court. References: 1. Colquitt J. , (2001), Ad Hoc Plea Bargaining. Tulane Law Review, Vol. 75 . 2. Cooley Th. , (1868), A Treatise on Constitutional Limitations on the Police Power of the States, Boston, Mass. : Little, Brown. 3. Fine R. A. , (1987), Escape of the Guilty. New York. 4. Fisher G. , (2003), Plea Bargaining’s Triumph, Stanford, Calif. , 5. Stanford University Press. 6. Guidorizzi D. , (1998), Should We Really â€Å"Ban† Plea Bargaining? The Core Concerns of Plea Bargaining Critics, Emory Law Journal, Vol. 47. 7. Langbein J. H. (1980) Torture and Plea Bargaining, The Public Interest. 8. Lynch T. , (2002), An Eerie Efficiency, Cato Supreme Court Review, Vol. 1. 9. Lynch T. , (1994), Rethinking the Petty Offense Doctrine, Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 4. 10. Mazzone J. , (2003), The Waiver Paradox, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 97. 11. Roberts P. C. , Stratton L. M. , (2000), The Tyranny of Good Intentions, New York. 12. Ramsey C. , (2002) , The Discretionary Power of ‘Public’ Prosecutors in 13. Historical Perspective, American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 39. 14. Towne S. , (1982), The Historical Origins of Bench Trial for Serious Crime, American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 26.

Free Essays on On Line Marketing 2000

How important is marketing and whom does it affect? When you think about it, you can’t get very far into a day without bumping into marketing and what the whole marketing system does for you. Marketing is simply defined as the activities involved in getting goods from the producer to the consumer. It concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them with regard to the availability of products and to important features, developing strategies to persuade them to buy, and finally enhancing their satisfaction with a purchase (Encarta 95). Producers and sellers are always looking for new and innovative ways of marketing their goods and services to provide superior quality and comfort to consumers. Towards the end of the 20th Century, many companies were looking to the Internet as an opportunity for profitable growth through marketing. However, companies are now seeing a need to develop strategies and learn from the mista kes of past dot-comers in order to maintain success within the new Internet marketing industry. â€Å"The now clichà © Web maxim, ‘If you build it they will come,’ has lulled many online marketers into a false sense of opportunity. The truth is that Web site traffic building has its own set of PR needs and requires its own system of aggressive, attention getting tactics,† says Charles Sayers, an Internet marketing consultant (Dysart). Marketing on the Internet throughout 2000, was seen as unpredictable and embryonic. Nearly, 130 dot-com businesses ended up crashing last year due to their lack of success within the industry (Patton). In 2000, Companies were no longer looking at other new companies as the enemy. In fact, recent findings have shown that alliances and exchanges among previous online competitors proved to be more successful for the companies overall (Patton). Elemica, formed by 12 large chemical companies, saw the need to build an alliance... Free Essays on On Line Marketing 2000 Free Essays on On Line Marketing 2000 How important is marketing and whom does it affect? When you think about it, you can’t get very far into a day without bumping into marketing and what the whole marketing system does for you. Marketing is simply defined as the activities involved in getting goods from the producer to the consumer. It concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them with regard to the availability of products and to important features, developing strategies to persuade them to buy, and finally enhancing their satisfaction with a purchase (Encarta 95). Producers and sellers are always looking for new and innovative ways of marketing their goods and services to provide superior quality and comfort to consumers. Towards the end of the 20th Century, many companies were looking to the Internet as an opportunity for profitable growth through marketing. However, companies are now seeing a need to develop strategies and learn from the mista kes of past dot-comers in order to maintain success within the new Internet marketing industry. â€Å"The now clichà © Web maxim, ‘If you build it they will come,’ has lulled many online marketers into a false sense of opportunity. The truth is that Web site traffic building has its own set of PR needs and requires its own system of aggressive, attention getting tactics,† says Charles Sayers, an Internet marketing consultant (Dysart). Marketing on the Internet throughout 2000, was seen as unpredictable and embryonic. Nearly, 130 dot-com businesses ended up crashing last year due to their lack of success within the industry (Patton). In 2000, Companies were no longer looking at other new companies as the enemy. In fact, recent findings have shown that alliances and exchanges among previous online competitors proved to be more successful for the companies overall (Patton). Elemica, formed by 12 large chemical companies, saw the need to build an alliance...